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Anul Nou Persan

Anul Nou Persan

Postat de retetepersane in Bucataras hai hui pe 18 Mar 2011, 21:48

Anul Nou Persan

Legenda plaseaza Nowruz acum 15000 de ani . Ferdowsi in Cartea Regilor (Shahnameh) mentioneaza legenda zoroastrica in care regele Jamshid ar fi salvat omenirea din ghearele iernii care ameninta sa ucida toate vietatile.

Avesta si alte scrieri ulterioare relateaza ca zoroastrii au imbunatatit in jurul anului 1725 i.e.n. vechiul calendar indo-iranian. Acesta era lunisolar, Anul lunar avea 354 de zile. O intercalare de o luna dupa fiecare treisprezece luni facea ca acest calendar sa coincida cu anotimpurile. Zarathustra, fondatorul religiei bune, astronom, a infiintat un observator astronomic si a reformat calendarul, introducand o intercalare de 11 zile, astfel incat anul sa aiba 365 de zile, 5 ore si o fractiune. Mai tarziu, calendarul a fost corectat, iar anul solar a fost calculat la 365 de zile, 5 ore, 48 de minute si 45,5 secunde. Anul incepea exact cu echinoctiul de primavara si nu mai era nevoie sa se adauge o zi la fiecare patru ani si nu mai era nevoie de an bisect.

Douasprezece secole mai tarziu, in 487 i.e.n,  Darius cel Mare din dinastia Ahemenida celebra Nowruz-ul in orasul sau nou construit - Persepolis. Era considerata o mare sarbatoare la care participau invitati din toate provinciile Imperiului Persan. Scene ale evenimentelor inca se pot observa pe basoreliefuri la Persepolis.

Dupa cucerirea Persepolisului de catre Alexandru cel Mare, dinastia ce a urmat, Partiana celebra de asemenea Nowrooz-ul, dar nu se cunosc foarte multe detalii in acest sens.

In timpul dinastiei Sassanide (224-651 e.n) ultima din perioada pre-islamica a istoriei Iranului, pregatirile pentru Nowruz incepeau cu 25 de zile inainte. In curtea regala de la Ctersiphon, se inaltau doisprezece piedestaluri din caramida, pentru fiecare luna a anului, pe care se plantau seminte de grau, orz, linte si alte boabe, care cresteau pana la festivitate. Regele venea sa salute audienta, iar Marele Preot al imperiului era primul care venea sa il intampine. Apoi urmau celelalte persoane. Fiecare om aducea un dar si primea de asemenea ceva. Audienta dura cinci zile, in fiecare zi se prezentau oamenii de o anumita profesie. In a sasea zi, regele ii primea pe membrii familiei regale si pe curteni. In a saisprezecea zi, pilonii cu verdeata erau indepartati si festivitatea se incheia.

De atunci, locuitorii din teritoriile Imperiului Persan, fie ca sunt zoroastrici, evrei, musulmani sau crestini au celebrat Nowruz-ul o data cu echinoctiul de primavara, pe 21 martie.

Dupa Revolutia Islamica, s-a incercat suprimarea acestei sarbatori deoarece a fost considerata o sarbatoare antica si pagana care distragea populatia de la adevaratele sarbatori islamice. Incercarea lor nu a avut succes. In Afghanistan sarbatoarea a fost interzisa de regimul taliban pana in 2001.

In zilele noastre ceremonia a fost simplificata. Pentru a simboliza renasterea naturii, in fiecare gospodarie se face curatenie generala de primavara si fiecare membru al familiei isi cumpara macar un obiect nou de imbracaminte. In ziua de Anul Nou, familia imbracata in haine noi incepe sarbatoarea de douasprezece zile cu vizitarea celor mai in varsta din familie, apoi restul familiei si in final prietenii. Cu zece zile inainte sunt plantate seminte pentru a avea plante tinere de Anul Nou.

In ultima zi de Miercuri a Anului, se sarbatoreste Miercurea Rosie Chahârshanbe Sûrî, festivitatea focului care simbolizeaza victoria luminii asupra intunericului. Oamenii ies afara, aprind focuri si sar peste ele cantand un cantec traditional " Zardie man az to, sorkhie to az man" , care in sens figurativ inseamna "paloarea mea (durerea) sa fie la tine si puterea ta (a focului), sa fie la mine". In aceasta noapte, se obisnuieste sa se sparga si vase de lut pentru a alunga ghinionul si sa se faca zgomot cu linguri si tigai pentru a alunga spiritele rele.

 


De Nowruz, se aseaza o masa, pe care se pun obiecte simbolice, numite "Haft Sin" (sapte "s" ) . O interpretare a "Haft Sin" ar fi cele sapte planete care influenteaza destinul uman, iar daca pe masa se gasesc toate cele sapte elemente, familia ar atrage binecuvantarea planetelor si ar avea parte numai de fericire. Cele mai comune elemente prezente pe masa de Nowruz, sunt:

  • Sabzeh (verdeata)
  • Samanoo - o budinca facuta din germeni de grau care simbolizeaza abundenta . Este asociata cu zeita Anahita si este pregatita de femei care isi doresc copii.
  • Senjed - este un fruct uscat al unui arbore oleaginos si simbolizeaza dragostea.
  • Sir - usturoi, simbolizeaza medicina. Usturoiul era folosit de iranieni ca medicament si pentru a tine departe spiritele rele.
  • Sib - mere, simbolizand sanatatea si frumusetea.
  • Somaq - sumac sau otetar mirositor, un condiment rosu inchis simbolizand culoarea rasaritului.
  • Serkeh - otet, simbolizand varsta si rabdarea in analogie cu strugurii si cu transformarile prin care trec pana ajung otet. In perioada pre-islamica, vinul era prezent in toate ceremoniile religioase, dar dupa cucerirea Persiei de catre arabi acesta a fost inlocuit cu otet, deoarece alcoolul este interzis in Islam.
  • Sonbol - zambila, parfumata si colorata, simbolizand venirea primaverii. In antichitate, intruchipa doua zeitati - Khordad si Amurdad
  • Sekkeh - monede, simbolizand bogatia si prosperitatea, in antichitate asociate cu zeul Sharivar

Pe masa se mai gasesc si o carte sfanta (Coran, Biblia, Torra sau Avesta) , o oglinda - ca simbol al curateniei si onestitatii , lumanari - pentru iluminare si fericire , apa de trandafir despre care se presupunea ca ar avea proprietati magice , un vas cu apa si un pestisor auriu - simbolizand viata , un ceas si  oua pictate similare celor pe care noi le avem de Paste pentru fertilitate.

Masa, atat de frumos asezata, simbolizeaza Mesajul si Mesagerul, lumina, intelepciune, caldura, viata, dragoste, bucurie, belsug si natura. De fapt, este un omagiu adus Divinitatii pentru toate darurile pe care le primim.

Membrii familiei se aduna in jurul mesei si asteapta cu nerabdare anuntul orei exacte a echinoctiului de primavara la radio sau tv. Cei mai in varsta ofera daruri celor mai tineri. Apoi urmeaza vizitele la rude si prieteni. In Iran, vizitele sunt reciproce.

La masa de familie se servesc feluri de mancare traditionale ca Sabzi Polo  si peste, Kookoo Sabzi  , Aash-e Reshteh,  Dolmeh Barg .

Aceasta sarbatoare dureaza aproape doua saptamani. In dimineata celei de a treisprezecea zi, se organizeaza un picnic, "sizdeh bedar" = treisprezece afara . Orasele si satele devin pustii, deoarece toti locuitorii isi petrec ziua la padure sau la munte, langa lacuri si rauri. Oamenii canta, danseaza si se bucura.

In 2009, la Abu Dhabi , Nowruz a fost inclus in lista UNESCO a Mostenirilor Culturale Intangibile ale umanitatii. Ca raspuns al acestei aprecieri, Iranul a lansat o editie filatelica cu ocazia primei celebrari internationale a Anului Nou Persan la Teheran, in 2010.



Comentarii (8)

20.03.2011, 16:53

ce mese imbelsugate

20.03.2011, 19:51

Da, masa e plina de bunatati! Cred ca fiecare familie, nu conteaza nationalitatea se pregateste cu ce are mai bun cand e vorba de sarbatorit!

22.03.2011, 00:21

Foarte frumos

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